The great Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe was born on 14 December 1546. The Ancient Greeks said the Heavens are unchanging. But in 1572 Tycho saw a nova (exploding star). Some people said it must be an atmospheric phenomenon but Tycho proved by careful calculations that it was in outer space. So the Heavens DID change.
People also thought that comets were in the atmosphere but in 1577 Tycho proved that a comet was further away than the Moon. Sadly Tycho died before the telescope was invented. (I am sure he would have loved to look through one). But his careful observations helped later astronomers.
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